Интрепренеурт зориулсан НББүртгэлийн Мементо (US GAAP)

The Profit and Loss (P&L) report shows the performance of the company over a specific period (usually the current year).

  • The Gross Profit equals the revenues from sales minus the cost of goods sold.

  • Operating Expenses (OPEX) include administration, sales and R&D salaries as well as rent and utilities, miscellaneous costs, insurances, … anything beyond the costs of products sold.

The Balance Sheet is a snapshot of the company's finances at a specific date (as opposed to the Profit and Loss which is an analysis over a period)

  • Assets represent the company's wealth, things it owns. Fixed assets includes building and offices, current assets include bank accounts and cash. A client owing money is an asset. An employee is not an asset.

  • Liabilities are obligations from past events that the company will have to pay in the future (utility bills, debts, unpaid suppliers).

  • Equity is the amount of the funds contributed by the owners (founders or shareholders) plus previously retained earnings (or losses).

    Each year, net profits (or losses) are reported to retained earnings.

Profit & Loss

Net Profit
Gross Profit
Revenue
Revenue
Less Costs of Revenue
Борлуулсан бүтээгдэхүүний өртөг
Operating Income or Loss
Less Operating Expenses
R&D
Sales, General & Administrative
Plus Other Income
Foreign Exchange Gains
Asset write-downs
Less Other Expenses
Interest on debt
Depreciation

Тайлан тэнцэл

Net Assets
Total Assets
Current Assets
Cash & Bank Accounts
Accounts Receivable
Deferred Tax Assets
Plus Non-current Assets
Land & buildings
Intangible Assets
Less Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Deferred Revenue
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Less Non-current liabilities
Long-term loans
Total Equity
Equity
Common Stock
Plus Retained Earnings

What is owned (an asset) has been financed through debts to reimburse (liabilities) or equity (profits, capital).

A difference is made between buying an assets (e.g. a building) and expenses (e.g. fuel). Assets have an intrinsic value over time, versus expenses having value in them being consumed for the company to "work".

Хөрөнгө = Өр төлбөр + Өмч

Дансны Төлөвлөгөө

The chart of accounts lists all the accounts, whether they are balance sheet accounts or P&L accounts. Every financial transaction (e.g. a payment, an invoice) impacts accounts by moving value from one account (credit) to an other account (debit).

Тэнцэл = Дебит - Кредит
Debit Credit Тэнцэл
1 Assets
11000 Cash
13100 Accounts Receivable
14000 Inventory
14600 Goods Issued Not Invoiced
17200 Buildings
17800 Accumulated Depreciation
19000 Deferred Tax Assets
2 Liabilities
21000 Accounts Payable
22300 Deferred Revenue
23000 Goods Received Not Purchased
26200 Deferred Tax Liabilities
3 Equity
31000 Common Stock
4 Revenue
41000 Goods
42000 Services
5 Expenses
51100 Cost of Goods Sold
52500 Other Operating Expenses
53000 Price Difference

Journal Entries

Every financial document of the company (e.g. an invoice, a bank statement, a pay slip, a capital increase contract) is recorded as a journal entry, impacting several accounts.

For a journal entry to be balanced, the sum of all its debits must be equal to the sum of all its credits.

Reconciliation

Reconciliation is the process of linking journal items of a specific account, matching credits and debits.

Its primary purpose is to link payments to their related invoices in order to mark invoices that are paid and clear the customer statement. This is done by doing a reconciliation on the Accounts Receivable account.

An invoice is marked as paid when its Accounts Receivable journal items are reconciled with the related payment journal items.

Reconciliation is performed automatically by the system when:

  • the payment is registered directly on the invoice
  • the links between the payments and the invoices are detected at the bank matching process

Customer Statement Example

Дансны Авлага Debit Credit
Invoice 1 100
Payment 1.1 70
Invoice 2 65
Payment 1.2 30
Payment 2 65
Invoice 3 50
Total To Pay 50

Банкны Тулгалт

Bank reconciliation is the matching of bank statement lines (provided by your bank) with transactions recorded internally (payments to suppliers or from customers). For each line in a bank statement, it can be:

matched with a previously recorded payment:
a payment is registered when a check is received from a customer, then matched when checking the bank statement
recorded as a new payment:
the payment's journal entry is created and reconciled with the related invoice when processing the bank statement
recorded as another transaction:
банкны шилжүүлэг, шууд суутгал, гм.

Odoo should automatically reconcile most transactions, only a few of them should need manual review. When the bank reconciliation process is finished, the balance on the bank account in Odoo should match the bank statement's balance.

Чек Зохицуулалт

There are two approaches to manage checks and internal wire transfer:

The first journal entry is created by registering the payment on the invoice. The second one is created when registering the bank statement.

Данс Debit Credit Reconciliation
Дансны Авлага 100 Invoice ABC
Undeposited funds 100 Чек 0123
Данс Debit Credit Reconciliation
Undeposited funds 100 Чек 0123
Банк 100
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